LITERATURE 12. With the coming of the Mughals, a new era in Persian lite­rature started. Persian literature, body of writings in New Persian (also called Modern Persian), the form of the Persian language written since the 9th century with a slightly extended form of the Arabic alphabet and with many Arabic loanwords. ... Brief Survey of the Economico-Political Situation in Iran After 1896. If we consider the works of Sadegh Hedayat (1903-1951) in fiction and Nima Yushij (1895-1960) in poetry as the beginning of Iran's modern literature, then we … Have filled each tulip with their crimson glow, Raise up the wine bowl, raise it generously The poets Ayyuqi (10th–11th centuries) and Nezami (12th century) both say that the poet is like the woman who tends to a bride’s physical appearance before her wedding; that is, the poet uses his or her skill and artifice to make the subject as dazzlingly beautiful as possible. Many of the poems of the period are pagan, in particular Widsith and Beowulf.The greatest English poem, Beowulf is the first English epic. c2700 BC Emergence of Elamite civilisation c1500 BC Iranian migrations from Central Asia c1000 BC Zoroaster ministers in eastern Iran 539 BC Conquest of Babylon, liberation of the Jews 490 BC First invasion of Greece – battle of Marathon 480 BC Second invasion of Greece – battle of Salamis Seven volumes have already been published by I.B. Bozorg Alavi - Jalal Al-e Ahmad - Jalal Al-e Ahmad (BBC Persian) - Reza Baraheni - Samad Behrangi - Behrangi: Short Biography - Behrangi: A Tale of Love-English Translation (Iranian) - Behrangi: The Little Black Fish - Majid Beenteha - Sadegh Chubak: A Brief Biography - Sadeq Chubak (Iranica) - Simin Daneshvar | Video - Karim Emami - Ali Akbar Dehkhoda (Iranica) - Hossein Dowlatabadi - Mahmoud … The conceit is that the tears are bloody, indicating that Majnun has wept so long and so hard that his eyes are injured and he weeps blood; with the same implication of relentless injurious weeping, tears are almost always referred to as red in pre-modern Persian verse (an exception is when they are compared to pearls). It also allows us to foresee how the literature may progress.1 I will try to keep this attitude in the reader’s mind in offering this brief summary of medieval Persian literature, Early Literature. That it is the imperial aspect of his reign that is emphasized is indicated by the reference to the gold and silver of his crown, to which the color of the garden’s narcissi is compared. Copyright © 2019 by Mage Publishers. Modern Persian Prose Credits: 4 = 3 +1+0 (48 Lectures) A brief History of Modern Persian Literature (Prose) (1) Muhammad Ali Jamalzada : Farsi Shaker Ast (2) Sadiq Hedayat :Laleh (3) Sadiq Chbaq :Adil (4) Samad Behrangi :Pesarak -e -Labu Farush Prescribed Book: The Sufism of Hafiz Shirazi found an echo in Rahman Baba’s works. Introduction to Classical Persian Poetry: History of Persian Poetry. Tauris There have been some changes of vocabulary and grammar, but by Western standards they are minor: a modern-day Iranian can read the works of the 10th-century poet Ferdowsi with about the same ease as a modern-day English speaker can read those of 17th-century authors such as Waller and Dryden; there are some difficulties for a non-specialist in the period, but they do not obscure what is usually the obvious sense and rhetorical force of any given passage. Other common metaphors used by poets themselves to describe poetry are that it is something woven, such as brocade, or a piece of jewelry, such as a pearl necklace. The Period of Transition to New Persian Literature (The Advance of Islam and the Beginnings of New Persian) Pages 66-67. In Persian lore he was also a painter whose beautiful paintings looked so true to life that they deceived both people and animals, and this accounts for “painted” in the second line. The 17th-century English poet Edmund Waller bemoaned the fact that, already, his contemporaries could no longer easily read the works of the 14th-century poet Chaucer: But who can hope his lines should long The Old English language or Anglo-Saxon is the earliest form of English. Rabe’eh has made specific the suggestion of pre-Islamic Iran, implied by the lines on wine, by alluding to what was in folk memory the country’s most splendid imperial moment. brief summary of medieval Persian literature, a daunting task considering the multiplicity and wealth of the texts and documentation on the subject (Fouchec our, 2006). Introduction to Classical Persian Poetry: History of Persian Poetry Persian poetry or literature is overwhelmingly taken as the precious gem in the stunning crown of charismatic Persian culture. Persian formally has spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan. Persian history is one of the most ancient history of the world. Wine was drunk in the pre-Islamic celebrations of Nowruz, and because of this and similar ceremonies, wine retained its association with pre-Islamic Iran, and the pre-Islamic religion of Iran, Zoroastrianism. It has profoundly influenced the literatures of Ottoman Turkey, Muslim India and Turkic Central Asia and been a source of inspiration for Goethe, Emerson, Matthew Arnold and Jorge Luis Borges among others. In this study we will pay special attention to the progress of Persian literature over the last millennia, concentrating in particular on the Though […] History of Iranian Literature. Pub. Persian is formally spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan. The Persian language, especially its literary form, has remained far more stable over the past millennium than is true of most European languages. The Range of Persian Literature uo 2. Persian literature -- History and criticism Publisher London : T. F. Unwin Collection cdl; americana Digitizing sponsor MSN Contributor University of California Libraries Language English Volume 1 [v. 1] From the earliest times until Firdawsí, 1902.--[v. A significant feature of Persian poetry that distinguishes it from most verse written in a European language is that almost all of it—from the earliest poems, written over a thousand years ago, to the present day—remains relatively accessible to a contemporary speaker of the language. Imprint Routledge. It produced a number of classical and modern poet, who worked day and night for its survival. Though […] Volume I: General Introduction to Persian Literature, Volume II: Persian Lyric Poetry in the Classical Era, 800-1500 (Ghazals, Panegyrics and Quatrains), Volume III: Persian Narrative Poetry in the Classical Era, 800-1500 (Romantic and Didactic Genres), Volume IV: Heroic Epic (the Shahnamehand its Legacy), Volume VI: Religious and Mystical Literature, Volume VII: Persian Poetry, 1500-1900 (From the Safavids to the dawn of the Constitutional Movement), Volume VIII: Persian Poetry in the Indian Subcontinent (Divans, Biographical Anthologies and Literary Criticism), Volume IX: Persian Literature from Outside Iran. Described as one of the great literatures of humanity, including Goethe 's assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature, Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of Middle Persian and Old Persian, the latter of which date back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving Achaemenid inscription, the Behistun Inscription. Last in a daily changing tongue… Ta ̄j ud-Di ̄n Sangriza ̄, was a notable court poet of Altutmash, who was an Indian and a Persian records is one of the maximum historical histories of the sector. Persian lyric poetry is in general welcomingly receptive to both the pre-Islamic past and non-Islamic faiths. brief summary of medieval Persian literature, a daunting task considering the multiplicity and wealth of the texts and documentation on the subject (Fouchecour, 2006). Jun 25, 2019 - Persian history is one of the most ancient history of the world. Also, by implication, the line that dismisses those who criticize the drinking of wine, who are most likely to be orthodox Moslems, suggests a tension between the religion that condemns wine (Islam) and the religion that celebrates it (Zoroastrianism). Created by Grove Atlantic and Electric Literature. The last two lines bring the poem back to the present, but not to the immediate circumstances of Rabe’eh’s daily life, which will of course have been Moslem; by referring to Christian nuns, the poem ends by evoking another non-Islamic religion. Yet Persian literature has never received the attention it truly deserves. Since bad luck dogs deniers who say “No”, Narcissi glow with silver and with gold Mul)ammad Bahar's Classification of Prose into Periods according to Style 117 5. First Published 1961. eBook Published 23 May 2018. A History of Persian Literature answers this need and offers a new, comprehensive and detailed history of its subject. This is true of later Persian poetry, and from the late 15th century onward, mention of wine in a poem is, as often as not, allegorical. By T. N. Devare. It spans four volumes (2,256 pages) and took about twenty-five years to write. Because the flowers are compared to Mani’s paintings, this means they must be very beautiful, and Persian poetry takes it for granted that beauty is a major concern of every civilized person. History of Indo-Persian literature MPost 24 Sep 2016 9:31 PM GMT An exhibition titled Qand-e-Farsi wa Tootiyaan-e-Hind Of Persian Candy and Indian Parrots and an evening of Indo-Persian poetry in Dastan-Goi style is being hosted by the India International Centre in the national Capital this month. Many Persian poems implicitly associate worldly pleasures such as wine drinking with Zoroastrianism and pre-Islamic Iran. This suggests that Persian lyric poetry perhaps sees itself as somewhat at odds with an exclusively Islamic world-view, or at least as not prepared to denigrate other religions in its favor, and this is indeed the case. Persian history is one of the most ancient history of the world. Volume V of A History of Persian Literature presents a broad survey of Persian prose: from biographical, historiographical, and didactic prose, to scientific manuals and works of popular prose fiction. All of these poetic strategies, tropes, and metaphors constantly recur in Persian poetry as it was written for a thousand years subsequent to Rabe’eh’s poem. Styles of Poetry as interpreted by M. Bahar and S. Nafisi II2 3. Kasra is a corruption of “Khosrow” and refers to the pre-Islamic king Khosrow I, also known as Anushirvan (“Of Immortal Soul”), who ruled Iran from 531 to 579 CE, and was one of the most successful of the pre-Islamic kings, to the extent that his reign was remembered as a golden age of justice and prosperity. ADVERTISEMENTS: In this article we will discuss about the new era in Persian literature under the Mughals in India during medieval period. How is the world so musky when they blow? Among enlightened members of the Qājār elite the necessity of reforms was deeply felt. After this time up to 12 th century Hijri, Delhī remained a centre of Persian poetry and literature. A Short History of Persian Literature book. A Brief History of Persian Literature T he Persian Language The Old Persian of the Achaemenian Empire, preserved in a number of cuneiform inscriptions, was an Indo-European tongue with close affinities with Sanskrit and Avestan (the language of the Zoroastrian sacred texts). Some of these PDFs were scanned by archive.org in 2011, where they can be downloaded in other formats (see archive); others were scanned by Duane Troxel in the 1990s.The text versions below are not edited or proofread; they are simply text extracted from the PDFs. Two related tropes common to Persian verse are present here: one is the lost glory of Iran’s imperial past; and the other is that all glory is fleeting, that dynasties die and the sites of their splendor return to nature. She is referring to something that is known to her but absent from her own life’s immediate Moslem circumstances, something which she would not have experienced directly, just as she would not have known the Zoroastrian glories of Kasra’s reign; the poem ends by reaching out to two “exotic” realities, one from the past and one from another religious community, that are nevertheless imaginatively present for the poet. The opposition does not merely consist of refraining from wine or drinking it, but by extension of celebrating worldly pleasures or of condemning them; many Persian poems implicitly associate worldly pleasures such as wine drinking with Zoroastrianism and pre-Islamic Iran, and the conjunction of the two is contrasted with Islam, which is often characterized, in poetry at least, as condemning such pleasures. Zarre's Division into Periods r 18 6. DOI link for A Short History of Persian Literature. Layli’s cheeks are imagined as red, either as an indication of her beauty or of her flushed, bewildered distress, or both, so Majnun’s tears, which are the same color as her cheeks, are red. At the Bahmanī, the ‘Ādilshāhī and the Quṭbshāhī Courts – Deccan. A Brief History of Persian Carpets: Part 1. The poem is by the tenth-century poet Rabe’eh, who, as is appropriate for this volume, is the earliest-known woman poet to write in Persian: The garden shows so many flowers, as though To say a poem in English sounds “artificial” is to condemn it; the same remark about a pre-modern Persian poem could well elicit the response “Of course it does; it’s a poem, isn’t it?” And so the fact that a particular metaphor or rhetorical trope has been used by many other poets, and is thought of as intrinsically “poetic” rather than as colloquial, is not so much a barrier to its continued use as a validation of it. Persian poetry often mentions religions other than Islam, and in short lyric poems, like this one, the reference is almost always either favorable or neutral; it virtually never implies condemnation (this is less true of long didactic poems, in which religions other than Islam are sometimes implicitly or explicitly condemned). Persian lyric poetry is in general welcomingly receptive to both the pre-Islamic past and non-Islamic faiths. Though existing fragments of Persian verse are believed to date from as early as the eighth century A.D., the history of Persian literature proper begins with the lesser dynasties of the ninth and tenth centuries that emerged with the decline of the Caliphate. Sources for the History of Persian Literature n9 11. Since he is a tragic figure, unable to be united with his beloved, Majnun is often represented as weeping and this is why he is mentioned in the third stanza of the poem as being “within the clouds”—he is weeping the dew onto the flowers below him (dew continues the implication that the poem is describing a scene in the early morning, which is considered to be the loveliest and most refreshing time of day). And as if to confirm Waller’s complaint, it was in Waller’s lifetime that passages from Chaucer were first “translated” into contemporary English, by Dryden. 1. Derives from Latin “Persia” deriving from Greek “Persis” In the bible it is referred as “Paras” - (within the books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah) 3. It includes extensive, revealing examples with contributions by prominent scholars who bring a fresh critical approach to bear on this important topic. Persian formally spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan. This 20-volume, authoritative survey reflects the stature and significance of Persian literature as the single most important accomplishment of the Iranian experience. Edition 1st Edition. It was in the 14th century with Saraladasa’s Oriya version of Mahabharatha that Oriya literature assumed a … This festival is still celebrated in Iran and is perhaps the only festival in which all Iranians, whatever faith they profess, participate. Mani had painted their resplendent glow. This breeze apparently brings the scent of musk, the most valued and expensive of medieval perfumes, and again we see that we are being presented with an idealized situation in which everything, including the scented air, is as beguilingly charming and special as possible. The implication is that there is not one sole Truth applicable at all times to all people; that other ways of being, from the past or as an adherent of another faith, can be considered to be equally valid. The Persian language, especially its literary form, has remained far more stable over the past millennium than is true of most European languages. Here the musk is a metaphor for the scent of the garden’s flowers as it is diffused by the breeze, the logic being that musk is the most precious perfume, so the flowers in this idealized garden share its scent, and this rare, idealized loveliness provokes wonder in the speaker. ... References to Persian carpets are also abundant in both Iranian and non-Iranian literature and folklore – and Iranian-born poets, old and new, have frequently referred to these aesthetic masterpieces to capture the essence of beauty in their poetry. Salem Road, London W2 4BU, U.K. Iranian literature, body of writings in the Iranian languages produced in an area encompassing eastern Anatolia, Iran, and parts of western Central Asia as well as Afghanistan and the western areas of Pakistan. Volumes of A History of Persian Literature I General Introduction to Persian Literature II Persian Poetry in the Classical Era, 800–1500 Panegyrics (qaside), Short Lyrics (ghazal); Quatrains (robâ’i) III Persian Poetry in the Classical Era, 800–1500 Narrative Poems in … The oldest surviving texts are contained in … The Indian Subcontinent, Anatolia, Central Asia, and in Judeo-Persian, Volume XI: Literature of the early Twentieth Century (From the Constitutional Period to Reza Shah), Volume XII: Modern Persian Poetry, 1940 to the Present  (Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan), Volume XIV: Biographies of the Poets and Writers of the Classical Period, Volume XV: Biographies of the Poets and Writers of the Modern Period; Literary Terms, Companion Volume I: The Literature of Pre-Islamic Iran, Companion Volume II: Oral Literature of Iranian Languages (Kurdish, Pashto, Balochi, Ossetic, Persian and Tajik), Volume I: A Selection of Persian Poems in English Translation, Volume II: A Selection of Persian Prose in English Translation, I.B. The book was published by the publishing house "Dobra knjiga" with co-publishing "Ibn … Chaucer his sense can only boast, Share. General Introduction to Persian Literature: History of Persian Literature a, Vol I: Bruijn, J.T.P. These odes, which constitute the most precious literary heritage of pre-Islamic Arabia, were composed by Imru al-Qais, Tarafa, ‘Amr ibn Khultum, Harith, ‘Antara, Zuhair and Labid. This tacit association of pre-Islamic Iran with Zoroastrianism and pleasurable celebration leads us to the poem’s next lines, which include a mention of “Kasra.”. There is perhaps something else at work in this rhetorical continuity: all poetry is artificial in its language, but poetry in English has frequently tended to aim at “language really used by men,” as Wordsworth put it, and when this is the case it tries, as far as possible, to disguise its artifice; by contrast pre-modern Persian poetry tends to display, and delight in, its artifice. Persian literature is the jewel in the crown of Persian culture. Although it concentrates on Persian literature, it also surveys all aspects of Persian culture from Iranian pre-history to the twentieth century. 2. Tel: +44 20 7243 1225; Fax: +44 20 7243 1226, To purchase, please contact the publisher, Ehsan Yarshater Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University in the City of New York, Biennial Ehsan Yarshater Lecture Series (SOAS), Biennial Ehsan Yarshater Lecture Series (UCLA), Conférences d’Études Iraniennes Ehsan et Latifeh Yarshater (Paris,France), Ehsan Yarshater Distinguished Lecture Series (Harvard University), Remembering Professor Ehsan Yarshater (1920-2018), Encyclopaedia Iranica Partners with Brill Academic Publishers, Columbia Statement on Encyclopaedia Iranica Litigation, Iranica Volume XVI, Fascicle 6 Published, October 2020, Yarshater Center Launches New Encyclopaedia Iranica Online Website, Volume I: A General Introduction to Persian Literature, Volume II: Persian Lyric Poetry in the Classical Era, 800-1500 Ghazals, Panegyrics and Quatrains, Volume IX: Persian Literature from Outside Iran. It is a story of a brave young man Beowulf in 3182 lines. The Persian ghazal, rubai and masnavi influenced the Pashto poets and writers of this period. Persian is formally spoken in Iran, Afghanistan (Dari) and Tajikistan. And something else is also going on here: Mani was the founder of a pre-Islamic religion seen as a heresy by Moslems, and yet he is mentioned, apparently favorably, in a poem written by someone we presume to be a Moslem. By IMP CENTER. The mention of wine drunk in spring therefore introduces another non-Islamic religion into the poem, not explicitly but by an implication any educated Iranian reader would recognize. Regarded as particularly refreshing and pleasant, the cool breeze of dawn, referred to in the second stanza of the poem, is a constituent of the idealized landscapes of much Persian poetry. Appreciably, it has deeply and largely influenced literature of Muslim India , Ottoman turkey, Turkic Central Asia and has served as a great inspiration for Emerson, Goethe, Jorge Luis Borges and … The association of red flowers (almost always roses or tulips), bloody tears, and wine is common in Persian verse, with any one of the three being able to stand in metaphorically for either of the other two. The period is a long one and it is generally considered that Old English was spoken from about A.D. 600 to about 1100. Babur brought with him poets and scholars like Abu’l Wahid Farighi, Nadir Samarquandi and Tahir Khwandi from Central Asia. The musk comes from Tibet, a remote and exotic place for the speaker, and the poem momentarily opens on a distant, almost fabulous, reality, as with the mention of Mani. The author of Beowulf is anonymous. To indicate something of the density and complexity of this artifice in pre-modern Persian poetry, here is a translation of a very early poem that is made up almost entirely of motifs that belonged to a common stock widely utilized by other poets for centuries to come. The poem is superficially a simple celebration of the coming of spring, and this is a perfectly legitimate way to read it, but it is implicitly and deliberately entangled in a complicated mesh of cultural references that would be obvious to its original audience and to later readers from the same culture but which can be elusive for a reader from another cultural tradition. It produced a number of the classical and current poet, who labored day and night for its survival. Persian literature (in Persian: ادبیات پارسی ‎) spans two and a half millennia, though much of the pre-Islamic material has been lost. A Brief Historical Perspective of Persian Language and Literature In The Subcontinent Jozja ̄ni ̄ came to Delhi ̄. So the roses are red because Majnun has wept his red tears onto them. Excerpted from The Mirror of My Heart: A Thousand Years of Persian Poetry by Women, translated by Dick Davis. Shed Layli’s cheeks’ hue on each rose below? Persian poetry or literature is overwhelmingly taken as the precious gem in the stunning crown of charismatic Persian culture. The remarkable freshness and liveliness of Browne's prose will astonish readers. Used with the permission of Penguin Classics, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House, LLC. Are Majnun’s eyes within the clouds, that they One of the world’s oldest literatures Not all Persian literature is written in Persian language, as some works written in Arabic and Greek Not all literature written in Persian is written by Persians/Iranians as Turkic, Caucasian and Indic writers also used Persian language 13. We write in sand, our language grows, Different manuscripts attribute a large number of short Persian poems to different authors and the authorship of many poems, particularly from the earliest periods, remains doubtful; in this case, though, the scholarly consensus is that the poem is by Rabe’eh. A significant feature of Persian poetry that distinguishes it from most verse written in a European language is that almost all of it—from the earliest poems, written over a thousand years ago, to the present day—remains relatively accessible to a contemporary speaker of the language. It has profoundly influenced the literatures of Ottoman Turkey, Muslim India and Turkic Central Asia and been a source of inspiration for Goethe, Emerson, Matthew Arnold and Jorge Luis Borges among others. Later on, such references were read as allegorical (the mention of a figure from another religion, for example, was seen as a metaphor for one who transmits mystical knowledge—that is, a knowledge outside of the mainstream of “orthodox” Islam), and in later poems they are often allegorical, but they were meant quite literally, for themselves, in Rabe’eh’s poems, as they were in the poems of her contemporaries and of many subsequent poets. About Persian Prose. Next we come to Layli and Majnun, star-crossed lovers from an originally 7th-century Arabic tale that quickly spread all over the Islamic world. It’s Kasra’s crown their shining petals show. As the poem is written to welcome the coming of spring, it would be associated in the minds of its first readers/auditors with Nowruz, the pre-Islamic festival held at the spring equinox, which heralds the Persian New Year. The obvious candidates for people who would find fault in this way are strictly orthodox Moslems, as the drinking of wine is forbidden by Islam. Persian literature - Persian literature - Modern Iran: In the early decades of the 19th century, contacts between Iran and Europe rapidly increased, while two wars with Russia (1804–13 and 1826–28) made apparent Iran’s military weakness. PERSIAN LITERATURE. Therefore, more than 110 million Persian speaking persons in the world. A Mythological Glance at Demons in Ancient Iranian Literature By: Mansour Yaqouti A Political Review of Iranian Contemporary Poetry By: Mohammad Ali Ghazalsofli, 1998 Classical Persian Literature By: Dr. Bahman Solati, 2015 Deserts in Persian Literature By: Mahin Tajadod, 1994 However, this “Sufification” of the vocabulary of secular Persian poetry had not even begun in Rabe’eh’s time, and there can be no doubt that she is talking about literal wine here. The metaphor is continued in the next stanza, in which tulips are compared to wine glasses (short wild tulips, whose shape is easy to imagine as like that of a wine glass, are meant), and in which the dew/bloody tears present in these wine glasses is implicitly being compared to red wine. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, ... literature. But what is “Mani,” the third-century founder of the religion of Manicheism, doing in the poem? Persian literature is the jewel in the crown of Persian culture. The Persian Empire is the name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern-day Iran that spanned several centuries—from the sixth century B.C. The glory of his numbers lost! A brief history of Iran – a timeline. Mar 12, 2017 - Persian history is one of the most ancient history of the world. With the coming of the Mughals, a new era in Persian lite­rature started. Authors: Rypka, J. This trope, of the wine drinker criticized by the strictly orthodox (often characterized as being hypocrites), with the poet explicitly siding with the drinker against the orthodox, became extremely common in Persian lyric verse. Again we see behavior that is at odds with strict Islamic norms being celebrated, and again we find later generations taking the trope as an elaborate metaphor for Sufi (mystical) experience (wine is the mystical knowledge or practice which brings about the “drunkenness” of mystical experience). Studying the roots of a particular literary history enables us to better understand the allusions the literature transmits and why we appreciate them. And so, packed into one short poem, we have: spring, a garden, the breeze at dawn, the most valued medieval perfume (musk), an evocation of a distant land (Tibet), wonder at an ideally beautiful situation, a reference to a tragic Arab love story, blood-red tears, non-judgmental references to two non-Islamic faiths (Manicheism and Christianity) and the evocation of a third (Zoroastrianism), a reference to a glorious pre-Islamic Persian king, the admonition to drink wine, and a kind of flippant contempt for those who would frown on this.
Kittens For Sale Welshpool, Walk Ashford In The Water, The Aviation Combat Element Leading Marines, Leed V4 Bd+c Practice Exam, Dairy Export Data, Butter And Salt Catering Surrey, Black Hawk Electric Skateboard Manual, Persona 5 God, New Bungalows For Sale In Ross-on-wye, Houses For Sale Pool View, Horsehay, Uab Emergency Room,